Fig. 6. Graphical summary of the proposed mechanism of action of the neuroprotective effects of honey and levodopa against MPTP-induced PD in adult male Swiss mice. MPTP induced oxidative stress, raising ROS levels. Honey and levodopa possibly activated Nrf2, boosting glutathione production, and countering ROS effects. This reduced malondialdehyde and astrogliosis, preserving SNpc neurons and motor functions. MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD, Parkinson’s disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SNpc, substantia nigra pars compacta; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione; DA, dopaminergic.
© Anat Cell Biol