Fig. 2. The underlying mechanism of calcium toxicity induced autophagic cell death and lysosomal degradation related to neuronal cell death. 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; Akt, protein kinase B; AMPK, 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase; Atg, autophagy related protein; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BNIP3, Bcl-2 interacting protein 3; Ca2+, calcium ion; CaMKKβ, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β; CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; Hsp70, heat shock protein 70; LAMP-1, lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; nNOS, nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; ONOO-, peroxynitrite; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; ULK1, UNC-51-like kinase 1; VSP34, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase VPS34 complex; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; VDCC, voltage-dependent calcium channels; LC3, light chain 3.
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