Anatomy & Cell Biology

Table 1

The growth factors, endpoints, sources, and cell types, melatonin as a supplement, in spermatogonial stem cells medium culture

Source	Cell	GF	Endpoint	Reference (yr)
Goat	SSCs with Sertoli	FBS, KSR, GDNF, EGF, bFGF, GFRα1	1. Melatonin regulated the proliferation of dairy goat SSCs through GDNF. 2. Melatonin promoted proliferation and inhibit differentiation of goat SSCs.	Niu et al. (2016) [15]
Sheep	Testicular cells (SSCs c, Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells and Leydig cells)	FBS, SCF, bFGF, EGF, GDNF	Melatonin, promotes production of cAMP level. So, increases testosterone production and the level of meiotic anaphase marker genes Dnmt3a and Bcl2.	Deng et al. (2016) [16]
Mice	SSCs	FBS, GDNF, LIF	Melatonin as an antioxidant increases viability of SSCs by reducing oxygen free radicals and improves culture.	Navid et al. (2017) [13]
Mice	Testes	10% KSR	1. Melatonin supplement along with Glutamax has a positive effect on the maturation of male germ cells. 2. The concentration of at least 10% KSR plays a decisive role in the maturation of germ cells and testosterone production.	Reda et al. (2017) [17]
Mice	Testes	FBS	Melatonin maintains demethylation in these cells by maintaining H3K9me1 and preserve the normal process of spermatogenesis and meiosis.	Zhang et al. (2018) [18]
Sheep	Leydig and Sertoli cells	None	1. Melatonin reduces the expression of SCF and insulin-like growth factor-1 and estrogen synthesis in Sertoli cells. 2. The increase in the expression of SCF is through the retinoic acid receptor-RORα, which is dependent on the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. 3. Melatonin increases the expression of testosterone in Leydig cells.	Deng et al. (2018) [19]
Mice	SSCs	None	Melatonin, by activating SIRT1, reduces oxidative stress, ERS, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage in SSCs.	Xu et al. (2020) [20]
Mice	SSCs	FBS	Melatonin, in addition to its role as an antioxidant and destroying ROS, inhibits the function of autophagy by the expression of METTL3-mediated RNA m6A proteins.	Lv et al. (2021) [21]
Sheep	SSCs	FBS	Melatonin has anti-apoptotic properties in SSCs.	Alinezhad et al. (2023) [23]

GF, growth factor; SSC, spermatogonial stem cell; FBS, fetal bovine serum; KSR, knockout serum replacement; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; GFRα1, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α 1; SCF, stem cell factor; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; H3K9me1, histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation; RORα, related orphan receptor-α; SIRT1, sirtuin type 1; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

Anat Cell Biol 2024;57:163~171 https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.23.256