Fig. 2CThe histological features of the infraorbital specimen (H&E staining, 8×). The superficial and deep fat layer was composed of fibrous tissue and adipose tissue (blue star), and there were two types of the fibrous tissue: ligamentous (red arrowhead) and fascial fibrous tissue (green arrowhead). (A) The layers of the facial skin: (a) skin, (b) superficial fat, (c) orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc), (d) deep fat, and (e) periosteum. (B) The skin ligament was observed thoroughly in the superficial fat layer. (C) The orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL, black arrowheads) bundled the deep aspect of the OOc, and the OOc of the attachment site was observed to be tugged inwards. The number of ORL strands and the tugged site of the OOc were equivalent (
).
Adapted from Clinical anatomy of the face for filler and botulinum toxin injection. Springer, 2016, with permission [
16].
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