Fig. 2. Schematic presentation of the role of autophagy in endothelial cells. Autophagy prevents cell linage transfer, stabilizes mitochondrial function subsequent protection from oxidative stress, enhance cellular antioxidant defense system, prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress, maintains intracellular cell signaling, cell-cell adhesion regulation, enhances proliferation and further angiogenesis, promotes genomic stability of mitochondria and the nucleus, enhance transmembrane transportation, improves endothelial cell adaptation to macro and microenvironment changes, prevents endothelial cell aging, and improves the synthetic and release function of impaired endothelial cell.
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