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Review of the external carotid plexus: anatomy, function, and clinical manifestations

Shadi E. Razipour¹ , Sina Zarrintan² , Mansour Mathkour³ , Joe Iwanaga^3,4 , Aaron S. Dumont³ , R. Shane Tubbs^1,3,4,5,6 ¹Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ²Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, ³Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ⁴Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ⁵Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA, ⁶Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies ACB 2021; 54(2): 137-142

Keywords : External carotid plexus, Anatomy, General surgery, Sympathetic fiber, External carotid artery
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Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke and diabetes: the underlying link, mechanisms and future possible therapeutic targets

Piyawadee Wicha¹ , Srijit Das² , Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh^1,3 ¹Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, ²Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ³Excellence in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ACB 2021; 54(2): 165-177

Keywords : Blood-brain barrier, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Inflammation, Ischemic stroke
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A cadaveric study investigating the anatomy of the medial orbital wall

Kathylin M. Hester¹ , Omid B. Rahimi¹ , Constance L. Fry² , Haley L. Nation¹ ¹Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, ²Department of Ophthalmology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA ACB 2021; 54(3): 297-303

Keywords : Medial orbital wall, Orbit anatomy, 24-12-6 mm surgical guideline, Rule of halves
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Bilateral venous sinuses of Kelch

Mitchell Couldwell¹ , Aimee Aysenne¹ , Joe Iwanaga^1,2 , Aaron S. Dumont¹ , R. Shane Tubbs^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} ¹Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ²Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ³Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, ⁴Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ⁵Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, ⁶Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ⁷University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ACB 2021; 54(3): 395-398

Keywords : Anatomical variation, Dural venous sinus, Venous sinus of Kelch, Cadaver, Anatomy
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Fabella and patella variants: radiographic prevalence, distribution and clinical relevance in a population of black african descent

Joseph Adetola Adedigba¹ , Bukunmi Michael Idowu² , Sarah Perou Hermans¹ , Onoja Frederick Okwori³ , Stephen Olaoluwa Onigbinde⁴ , Kehinde S. Oluwadiya⁵ , Angela Ameyaa Amoako⁶ , Mandy C. Weidenhaft⁷ ¹Department of Radiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ²Department of Radiology, Union Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Lagos, Nigeria, ³Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ⁴Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies, ⁵Department of Surgery, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, ⁶Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, ⁷Department of Radiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA ACB 2021; 54(2): 184-192

Keywords : Sesamoid bones, Knee, Prevalence, Africa South of the Sahara, Diagnostic imaging
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Localizing the nerve to the mylohyoid using the mylohyoid triangle

Joe Iwanaga^1,2,3,4 , Hee-Jin Kim⁵ , Grzegorz Wysiadecki⁶ , Kyoichi Obata⁸ , Yosuke Harazono⁷ , Soichiro Ibaragi⁸ , R. Shane Tubbs^1,2,9,10,11 ¹Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ²Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, ³Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, ⁴Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan, ⁵Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea, ⁶Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, ⁷Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, ⁸Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan, ⁹Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, ¹⁰Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, ¹¹Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA ACB 2021; 54(3): 304-307

Keywords : Nerve to mylohyoid muscle, Submental island flap, Reconstructive surgery, Head and neck surgery, Submental artery
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Radiological study of fabella in Omani subjects at a tertiary care center

Omar Darwish Al Matroushi¹ , Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla² , Ammar Al Shabibi¹ , Athari Al Obaidani³ , Humoud Al Dhuhli⁴ , Sanjay Jaju⁵ , Mohamed Al Mushaiqri² ¹College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, ²Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, ³Radiology Residency Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, ⁴Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, ⁵Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman ACB 2021; 54(3): 315-320

Keywords : Prevalence, Sesamoid bones, Knee joint, Radiography
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Raymond de Vieussens (1641–1715): connoisseur of cardiologic anatomy and pathological forms thereof

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh , Ananya Priya , Ravi Kant Narayan Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India ACB 2021; 54(4): 417-423

Keywords : Vieussens, Cardiology, Ducti carnosi, Vieussens ring, Mitral stenosis
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Large-scale functional brain networks for consciousness

Myoung-Eun Han^1,2 , Si Young Park^1,2 , Sae-Ock Oh^1,2 ¹Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, ²Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-Associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea ACB 2021; 54(2): 152-164

Keywords : Brain, Network, Consciousness, Awareness, Wakefulness
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Comparison of decomposition rate of hind limbs of preserved mice with ethanol-glycerin and formaldehyde of advanced fixative solution

Amanda Natalie Wijaya¹ , Ria Margiana² , Sasanthy Kusumaningtyas² , Deswaty Furqonita² ¹Undergraduate Program of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, ²Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia ACB 2021; 54(2): 225-231

Keywords : Burial, Glycerol, Mice, Preservation
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